Sive molekụla bụ ihe nwere pores (obere oghere) nke nha nha

Sive molekụla bụ ihe nwere pores (obere oghere) nke nha nha. Oghere oghere ndị a yiri obere ụmụ irighiri ihe, ya mere nnukwu ụmụ irighiri ihe enweghị ike ịbanye ma ọ bụ gbasaa, ebe obere ụmụ irighiri ihe nwere ike. Dị ka ngwakọta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-akwaga n'àkwà guzoro nke porous, ihe siri ike na-ezo aka dị ka sieve (ma ọ bụ matrix), akụkụ nke ịdị arọ molekụla kachasị elu (nke na-enweghị ike ịbanye na pores molecular) na-ahapụ ihe ndina mbụ, sochiri obere ụmụ irighiri ihe. A na-eji ụfọdụ sieves molekụla eme ihe na chromatography na-ewepu oke, usoro nkewa nke na-ahazi mkpụrụ ndụ ndị dabere na nha ha. A na-eji sieves molekụla ndị ọzọ dị ka ndị na-ehicha ihe (ụfọdụ ọmụmaatụ gụnyere unyi na-arụ ọrụ na gel silica).
A na-atụ dayameta pore nke sieve molecular na ångströms (Å) ma ọ bụ nanometers (nm). Dị ka nkọwa IUPAC si kwuo, ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe nwere oghere nke na-erughị 2 nm (20 Å) na ihe macroporous nwere oghere pore nke karịrị 50 nm (500 Å); Ụdị mesoporous si otú ahụ dị n'etiti na oghere pore n'etiti 2 na 50 nm (20-500 Å).
Akụrụngwa
Sives molekụla nwere ike ịbụ microporous, mesoporous, ma ọ bụ ihe macroporous.
Ihe microporous (
● Zeolites (aluminosilicate mineral, ọ bụghị ka mgbagwoju anya na aluminum silicate)
● Zeolite LTA: 3–4 Å
● Igwe ọkụ: 10 Å (1 nm), na elu
● Carbon na-arụ ọrụ: 0-20 Å (0-2 nm), na elu
●Ụrọ
●Montmorillonite intermixes
●Halloysite (endellite): A na-achọta ụdị abụọ a na-ahụkarị, mgbe hydrated ụrọ na-egosiputa oghere 1 nm nke akwa akwa na mgbe mmiri gwụrụ (meta-halloysite) oghere bụ 0.7 nm. Halloysite na-emekarị dị ka obere cylinders nke nkezi 30 nm na dayameta nwere ogologo n'etiti 0.5 na 10 micrometers.
Ihe mesoporous (2-50 nm)
Silicon dioxide (eji eme silica gel): 24 Å (2.4 nm)
Ihe macroporous (>50 nm)
Silica macroporous, 200–1000 Å (20–100 nm)
Ngwa[edit]
A na-ejikarị sieves molecular eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala, ọkachasị maka ịkpọsa iyi gas. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ụlọ ọrụ mmiri mmiri gas (LNG), mmiri dị n'ime gas kwesịrị ibelata ihe na-erughị 1 ppmv iji gbochie mgbochi nke ice ma ọ bụ methane clathrate kpatara.
N'ime ụlọ nyocha, a na-eji sieves molecular kpoo ihe mgbaze. "Sieves" egosila na ọ dị mma karịa usoro ịsa nkụ nke ọdịnala, nke na-ejikarị ndị na-eme ihe ike eme ihe.
N'okpuru okwu zeolites, a na-eji sieves molekụla eme ihe maka ọtụtụ ngwa catalytic. Ha na-eme ka isomerisation, alkylation, na epioxidation, na-eji ya na nnukwu usoro mmepụta ihe, gụnyere hydrocracking na mmiri mmiri catalytic cracking.
A na-ejikwa ha na nzacha nke ikuku ikuku maka ngwa iku ume, dịka ọmụmaatụ nke ndị na-egwu mmiri na ndị ọkụ ọkụ na-eji. N'ime ngwa ndị dị otú ahụ, a na-enye ikuku site na compressor ikuku ma na-agafe site na nzacha cartridge nke, dabere na ngwa ahụ, jupụtara na sieve molecular na / ma ọ bụ carbon na-arụ ọrụ, n'ikpeazụ a na-eji ya kwụọ ụgwọ ikuku na-eku ume. na Compressor iyuzucha ngwaahịa sitere na ikuku iku ume.
Nkwado FDA.
US FDA nwere dị ka nke April 1, 2012, kwadoro sodium aluminosilicate maka kpọmkwem kọntaktị na consumable ihe n'okpuru 21 CFR 182.2727. Tupu nkwenye a European Union ejirila sieves molecular na ọgwụ na nyocha onwe ha tụrụ aro na sieves molecular na-emezu ihe niile gọọmentị chọrọ mana ụlọ ọrụ ahụ adịbeghị njikere ịkwado ule dị oke ọnụ achọrọ maka nkwado gọọmentị.
Mweghachi
Ụzọ maka mmụgharị nke sieves molekụla gụnyere mgbanwe nrụgide (dị ka ọ dị na ikuku oxygen), kpo oku na ịsacha gas na-ebu ibu (dị ka mgbe a na-eji ethanol akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ), ma ọ bụ kpo oku n'okpuru nnukwu oghere. Okpomọkụ mmeghari sitere na 175 Celsius (350 Celsius) ruo 315 Celsius (600 Celsius F) dabere n'ụdị sieve molecular. N'ụzọ dị iche, silica gel nwere ike ime ka ọ dị ọhụrụ site n'ịkpọ ya na oven mgbe niile ruo 120 Celsius (250 Celsius) maka awa abụọ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ụdị silica gel ga-agbapụta mgbe mmiri zuru ezu. Nke a na-ebute site na nbiji nke silica spheres mgbe a na-akpọtụrụ mmiri ahụ.

Nlereanya	Dayameta pore (Ångström)	Njupụta nnukwu (g/ml)	Mmiri adsorbed (% w/w)	Mgbasa ma ọ bụ abrasion, W(% w/w)	Ojiji
3Å	3	0.60–0.68	19–20	0.3–0.6	Ntọhapụnkemmanụ ụgbọala crackinggas na alkenes, nhọrọ adsorption nke H2O inIgwe mkpuchi mkpuchi (IG)na polyurethane, ihicha nkeethanol mmanụmaka ịgwakọta na mmanụ ụgbọala.
4Å	4	0.60–0.65	20–21	0.3–0.6	Adsorption nke mmiri n'imesodium aluminosilicatenke FDA kwadoro (leen'okpuru) eji dị ka molekụla sieve na ọgwụ containers na- ọdịnaya kpọrọ nkụ na dị kanri mgbakwunyeinweNọmba e-nọmbaE-554 (onye na-eme ihe na-egbochi ime achịcha); Achọrọ maka akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ kwụ ọtọ n'ime mmiri mmiri mechiri emechi ma ọ bụ sistem gas, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na nkwakọ ngwaahịa ọgwụ, ihe eletriki na kemịkalụ na-emebi emebi; mkpocha mmiri na usoro obibi akwụkwọ na plastik na ihicha mmiri iyi hydrocarbon juru eju. Ụdị adsorbed gụnyere SO2, CO2, H2S, C2H4, C2H6, na C3H6. A na-ewerekarị ya dị ka onye na-ehicha ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ na mgbasa ozi polar na nonpolar;[12]nkewa nkeeke gasnaalkenes, adsorption nke mmiri na-abụghị nitrogen mmetụtapolyurethane
5Å-DW	5	0.45–0.50	21–22	0.3–0.6	Decreasing na wụsa ebe ịda mbà n'obi nkeụgbọ elu mmanụ ọkụnammanụ dizel, na alkenes nkewa
5Å obere ikuku oxygen	5	0.4–0.8	≥23		Emebere ya maka ahụike ahụike ma ọ bụ ahụike oxygen generator[mkpa nhota]
5Å	5	0.60–0.65	20–21	0.3–0.5	Desiccation na ọcha nke ikuku;akpịrị ịkpọ nkụnadesulfurizationnke eke gas nammiri mmiri gas;oxygennahydrogenmmepụta siteadsorption mmetụta nrụgideusoro
10X	8	0.50–0.60	23–24	0.3–0.6	Sorption dị elu, nke a na-eji na desiccation, decarburization, desulfurization nke gas na mmiri mmiri na nkewa nkearomatic hydrocarbon
13X	10	0.55–0.65	23–24	0.3–0.5	Desiccation, desulfurization na ọcha nke mmanụ ala gas na eke gas
13X-AS	10	0.55–0.65	23–24	0.3–0.5	Decarburizationna desiccation na ikuku nkewa ụlọ ọrụ, nkewa nke nitrogen si oxygen na oxygen concentrators
Cu-13X	10	0.50–0.60	23–24	0.3–0.5	Na-atọ ụtọ(iwepu nkethiols) nkemmanụ ụgbọala ụgbọ eluna kwekọrọmmiri mmiri hydrocarbons

Ike adsorption

3Å

Usoro kemikal dị ka: ((K2O)2⁄3 (Na2O)1⁄3) • Al2O3• 2 SiO2 • 9/2 H2O

Silica-alumina ruru: SiO2/ Al2O3≈2

Mmepụta

A na-emepụta sieves molekụla 3 site na mgbanwe mgbanwe nkepotassiummakasodiumna sieves molecular 4A (Lee n'okpuru)

Ojiji

3Å sieves molekụla anaghị anabata ụmụ irighiri ihe nke dayameta ha karịrị 3 Å. Njirimara nke sieves molekụla ndị a gụnyere ọsọ adsorption ngwa ngwa, ikike mmụgharị ugboro ugboro, ezigbo nkwụchi nammetọ mmetọ. Atụmatụ ndị a nwere ike melite ma arụmọrụ na ndụ nke sieve. 3Å molecular sieves bụ ihe dị mkpa dị mkpa na mmanụ ala na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ maka nchacha mmanụ, polymerization, na mmiri mmiri gas-mmiri ihicha.

A na-eji sieves molekụla 3Å kụọ ọtụtụ ihe dị kaethanol, ikuku,ngwa nju oyi,eke gasnaunsaturated hydrocarbons. Nke ikpeazụ gụnyere gas mgbawa,acetylene,ethylene,propylenenabutadiene.

A na-eji sieve molecular 3Å wepụ mmiri na ethanol, nke enwere ike iji ya mee ihe ozugbo dị ka mmanụ mmanụ bio ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè iji mepụta ngwaahịa dị iche iche dị ka kemịkalụ, nri, ọgwụ na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ebe ọ bụ na distillation nkịtị enweghị ike iwepu mmiri niile (ihe na-adịghị mma sitere na mmepụta ethanol) site na iyi usoro ethanol n'ihi nhazi nke mmiri.azeotropeN'ihe dị ka pasent 95.6 n'ịdị arọ, a na-eji bead sieve molecular kewapụ ethanol na mmiri n'ọkwa molekul site n'itinye mmiri ahụ n'ime beads na ikwe ka ethanol gafee kpamkpam. Ozugbo beads jupụtara na mmiri, enwere ike ịmegharị okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ nrụgide, na-ekwe ka a na-ahapụ mmiri ahụ na beads sieve molecular.[15]

A na-echekwa sieves molekụla 3Å n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ, yana iru mmiri na-erughị 90%. A na-emechi ha n'okpuru nrụgide na-ebelata, na-echekwa ya na mmiri, acids na alkalis.

4Å

Usoro ọgwụ: Na2O•Al2O3•2SiO2•9/2H2O

Silicon-aluminom ruru: 1: 1 (SiO2 / Al2O3≈2)

Mmepụta

Mmepụta nke sieve 4Å dị mfe n'ihi na ọ chọghị nrụgide dị elu ma ọ bụ karịsịa okpomọkụ dị elu. A aqueous ngwọta nkesodium silicatenasodium aluminomna-ejikọta na 80 Celsius C. A na-eme "ngwaahịa ihe mgbaze na-arụ ọrụ" site na "ịsacha" na 400 Celsius C sieves 4A na-eje ozi dị ka ihe mmalite nke 3A na 5A sieves site na.mgbanwe cationnkesodiummakapotassium(maka 3A) ma ọ bụcalcium(maka 5A)

Ojiji

Ihe mgbaze ihicha

A na-eji sieves molekụla 4Å ọtụtụ ebe iji kpoo ihe mgbaze ụlọ nyocha. Ha nwere ike ịmịnye mmiri na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ nwere oke dị egwu na-erughị 4 Å dị ka NH3, H2S, SO2, CO2, C2H5OH, C2H6, na C2H4. A na-eji ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na ihicha, nchacha na ịdị ọcha nke mmiri na gas (dị ka nkwadebe nke argon).

 

Ihe mgbakwunye polyesterdezie]

A na-eji sieve molekụla ndị a na-enyere ndị na-asa akwa aka n'ihi na ha nwere ike isi na ya na-emepụta mmiri na-emebi emebicalciummgbanwe ion, wepụ ma gbochie ntinye nke unyi. A na-ejikarị ha dochie anyaphosphorus. Ihe nkedo molecular 4Å na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu iji dochie sodium tripolyphosphate dị ka ihe enyemaka ncha iji belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ncha. Enwere ike iji ya dị ka anchaonye na-emepụta ihe na n'imeihe ntacha eze.

Ọgwụgwọ mkpofu na-emerụ ahụ

4Å molekụla sieves nwere ike sachapụ nsị nke ụdị cationic dị kaammoniumions, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ na Cd2+. N'ihi oke nhọrọ maka NH4+ etinyere ha nke ọma n'ọhịa ịlụ ọgụeutrophicationna mmetụta ndị ọzọ na mmiri mmiri n'ihi oke ammonium ion. A na-ejikwa sieves molecular 4Å wepụ ion metal dị arọ dị na mmiri n'ihi ọrụ mmepụta ihe.

Ebumnuche ndị ọzọ

Nkeụlọ ọrụ metallurgical: nkewa gị n'ụlọnga, nkewa, mmịpụta nke brine potassium,rubidium,cesium, wdg.

Ụlọ ọrụ Petrochemical,ihe na-akpali akpali,desiccant, adsorbent

Ọrụ ugbo:ala conditioner

Ọgwụ: ibu ọlaọchazeoliteihe na-akpata antibacterial.

5Å

Usoro ọgwụ: 0.7CaO•0.30Na2O•Al2O3•2.0SiO2 •4.5H2O

Silica-alumina ruru: SiO2/ Al2O3≈2

Mmepụta

A na-emepụta sieves molekụla site na mgbanwe mgbanwe nkecalciummakasodiumna sieves molecular 4A (Lee n'elu)

Ojiji

ise-ọdụm(5Å) a na-ejikarị sieve molekụla eme ihe n'imemmanụ alaụlọ ọrụ, karịsịa maka ịdị ọcha nke iyi gas na n'ime ụlọ nyocha kemịkalụ maka ikewapụngwakọtana ihicha mmeghachi omume mmalite ihe. Ha nwere obere oghere nke nha nha na otu, ma a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka gas na mmiri mmiri.

A na-eji sieves molekụla ise-ångström akpọọ nkụeke gas, yana ịrụ ọrụdesulfurizationnadecarbonationnke gas. A pụkwara iji ha kewaa ngwakọta nke oxygen, nitrogen na hydrogen, na mmanụ-wax n-hydrocarbons site na alaka na polycyclic hydrocarbons.

A na-echekwa sieves molekụla ise-ångström na ụlọ okpomọkụ, yana airu iru mmiriIhe na-erughị 90% n'ime igbe kaadiboodu ma ọ bụ nkwakọ ngwaahịa katọn. E kwesịghị ikpughe sieves molekụla ozugbo na ikuku na mmiri, acids na alkalis kwesịrị izere.

Morphology nke molekụla sieves

Sives molekụla dị n'ụdị na nha dị iche iche. Ma Spherical beads nwere uru n'elu ndị ọzọ shapes dị ka ha na-enye ala nsogbu dobe, na-attrition eguzogide ọgwụ dị ka ha na-adịghị ihe ọ bụla nkọ n'ọnụ, na nwere ezi ike, ie-etipịa ike chọrọ kwa unit ebe dị elu. Ụfọdụ sieves molecular beaded na-enye ike ikpo ọkụ dị ala si otú a na-ebelata ihe achọrọ ike n'oge mmeghari ohuru.

Uru ọzọ dị n'iji sieves molecular beaded bụ nnukwu njupụta na-adịkarị elu karịa ụdị ndị ọzọ, yabụ maka otu mgbasa ozi chọrọ olu sieve molekụla achọrọ pere mpe. Ya mere, mgbe ị na-eme de-bottlenecking, mmadụ nwere ike iji sieves molecular beaded, na-ebuwanye ihe mgbasa ozi n'otu olu, ma zere mgbanwe ụgbọ mmiri ọ bụla.