Mkpọchi molekul bụ ihe nwere oghere (oghere dị obere) nke nha nha. Dayameta oghere ndị a yiri nha obere molekul, yabụ nnukwu molekul enweghị ike ịbanye ma ọ bụ banye n'ime ha, ebe obere molekul nwere ike. Ka ngwakọta nke molekul na-agafe n'elu akwa kwụ ọtọ nke ihe nwere oghere, ọkara siri ike nke a na-akpọ sieve (ma ọ bụ matrix), ihe mejupụtara nke oke molekul kachasị elu (nke na-enweghị ike ịgafe n'ime oghere molekul) na-apụ n'elu akwa ahụ na mbụ, wee soro obere molekul na-esote. A na-eji ụfọdụ molekul sieves na chromatography nkewa nha, usoro nkewa nke na-ahazi molekul dabere na nha ha. A na-eji molekul sieves ndị ọzọ dị ka ihe na-ekpo ọkụ (ụfọdụ ihe atụ gụnyere coal activated na silica gel).
A na-atụ dayameta oghere nke sieve molekul na ångströms (Å) ma ọ bụ nanomita (nm). Dịka IUPAC si kwuo, ihe ndị dị obere nwere dayameta oghere nke na-erughị 2 nm (20 Å) na ihe ndị dị macroporous nwere dayameta oghere nke karịrị 50 nm (500 Å); ya mere, ụdị mesoporous dị n'etiti ya na dayameta oghere dị n'etiti 2 na 50 nm (20–500 Å).
Ihe Ndị E Ji Eme Ihe
Mkpọchi molekụla nwere ike ịbụ ihe microporous, mesoporous, ma ọ bụ macroporous.
Ihe na-amịpụta obere oghere (
●Zeolites (ihe ndị dị ka aluminosilicate, nke a na-agaghị agwakọta na aluminom silicate)
●Zeolite LTA: 3–4 Å
●Iko oghere: 10 Å (1 nm), na elu
●Kabọn na-arụ ọrụ: 0–20 Å (0–2 nm), na elu
●Ụrọ
●Ngwakọta Montmorillonite
●Halloysite (endellite): A na-ahụ ụdị abụọ a na-ahụkarị, mgbe ụrọ ahụ gbara mmiri, ọ na-egosi oghere 1 nm nke oyi akwa ahụ, mgbe ọ gbanyụrụ mmiri (meta-halloysite), oghere ahụ bụ 0.7 nm. Halloysite na-apụta n'onwe ya dị ka obere silinda nke dị n'obosara 30 nm, ogologo ya dịkwa n'etiti 0.5 na 10 micrometers.
Ihe dị omimi (2–50 nm)
Silicon dioxide (eji eme jel silica): 24 Å (2.4 nm)
Ihe dị oke ibu (>50 nm)
Silica dị oke elu, 200–1000 Å (20–100 nm)
Ngwa[dezie]
A na-ejikarị ihe mkpuchi molekul eme ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala, ọkachasị maka ịkpọ nkụ nke mmiri gas. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ụlọ ọrụ gas mmiri mmiri (LNG), mmiri dị na gas kwesịrị ibelata ruo ihe na-erughị 1 ppmv iji gbochie mkpọchi nke ice ma ọ bụ methane clathrate kpatara.
N'ime ụlọ nyocha, a na-eji ihe mkpuchi molekul eme ihe iji kpoo ihe mgbaze. "Sieves" egosila na ọ ka mma karịa usoro nkụcha ọdịnala, nke na-ejikarị ihe na-ekpo ọkụ eme ihe.
N'okpuru okwu ahụ bụ zeolites, a na-eji ihe ndị e ji molekul sie mee ọtụtụ ihe e ji eme ka ihe dị ndụ dị iche iche. Ha na-akwalite isomerization, alkylation, na epoxidation, a na-ejikwa ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ usoro mmepụta ihe dị iche iche, gụnyere hydrocracking na fluid catalytic cracking.
A na-ejikwa ha eme ihe n'ịsachapụ ihe ndị na-enye ikuku maka ngwa iku ume, dịka ọmụmaatụ ndị na-egwu mmiri na ndị na-agba ọkụ na-eji. N'ọrụ ndị dị otú a, a na-enye ikuku site na compressor ikuku ma na-agafe ya site na nzacha katrij nke, dabere na ojiji ya, juputara na sieve molecular na/ma ọ bụ carbon arụ ọrụ, nke a na-eji eme ihe n'ikpeazụ iji chajịa tankị ikuku na-eku ume. Nzacha dị otú ahụ nwere ike iwepụ ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na ngwaahịa compressor na-esi na ikuku iku ume apụta.
Nkwado FDA.
Site na Eprel 1, 2012, US FDA akwadola sodium aluminosilicate maka ịkpọtụrụ ihe ndị a na-eri n'okpuru 21 CFR 182.2727. Tupu nkwenye a, European Union ejirila molecular sieves na ọgwụ, nnwale onwe onye gosiri na molecular sieves na-emezu ihe niile gọọmentị chọrọ mana ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ekwenyeghị ịkwado nnwale dị oke ọnụ achọrọ maka nkwenye gọọmentị.
Mmeghari ohuru
Ụzọ e si eme ka ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri sie ike dị ka mgbanwe nrụgide (dịka ọ dị na ihe ndị na-eme ka ikuku oxygen dị n'ime mmiri), ikpo ọkụ na ịsacha ya site na iji gas ebu (dịka mgbe e ji ya mee ihe n'ime mmiri ethanol), ma ọ bụ ikpo ọkụ n'okpuru nnukwu oghere ikuku. Okpomọkụ mmeghari ahụ sitere na 175 °C (350 °F) ruo 315 °C (600 °F) dabere na ụdị ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri sie ike. N'ụzọ dị iche, enwere ike ime ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri silica dịghachi ọhụrụ site n'ikpo ya ọkụ n'ime oven nkịtị ruo 120 °C (250 °F) ruo awa abụọ. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ụdị ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri sie ike ga-apụta ìhè mgbe e tinyere ha na mmiri zuru oke. Nke a na-akpata mmebi nke ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri silica dị mgbe ha metụrụ mmiri ahụ aka.
| Ụdị nlereanya | Dayameta oghere (Angström) | Njupụta dị ukwuu (g/ml) | Mmiri a mịrị amị (% w/w) | Mbibi ma ọ bụ mmịpụta, W(% w/w) | Ojiji |
| 3Å | 3 | 0.60–0.68 | 19–20 | 0.3–0.6 | Ịkpọcha ihenkemgbawa mmanụ petrolgas na alkenes, ntinye nhọrọ nke H2O naiko a na-ekpuchighị ekpuchi (IG)na polyurethane, nkụ nkemmanụ ethanolmaka ịgwakọta ya na mmanụ ụgbọala. |
| 4Å | 4 | 0.60–0.65 | 20–21 | 0.3–0.6 | Ntinye mmiri n'imesodium aluminosilicatenke FDA kwadoro (leen'okpuru) eji ya dị ka ihe mkpuchi molekụla n'ime akpa ahụike iji mee ka ihe dị n'ime ya kpọọ nkụ ma dị kaihe mgbakwunye nriinweNọmba E-nọmbaE-554 (ihe na-egbochi ihe mkpuchi); A na-ahọrọ ya maka mmiri mmiri na-anaghị agbaze n'ime sistemu mmiri ma ọ bụ gas mechiri emechi, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na nkwakọ ngwaahịa ọgwụ, ihe ndị mejupụtara eletriki na kemịkalụ ndị na-emebi emebi; ntụtụ mmiri na sistemụ mbipụta na plastik na ịkpọ nkụ iyi hydrocarbon jupụtara. Ụdị ndị a na-etinye n'ime mmiri gụnyere SO2, CO2, H2S, C2H4, C2H6, na C3H6. A na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-akpọ nkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na mgbasa ozi polar na nonpolar;[12]nkewa nkegas sitere n'okikenaalkenesntinye mmiri n'ime mmiri na-anaghị emetụta nitrogenpolyurethane |
| 5Å-DW | 5 | 0.45–0.50 | 21–22 | 0.3–0.6 | Ịbelata mmanụ na iwepụ isi ihe na-adịghị mma nkeụgbọelu kerosenenadizelna nkewa nke alkenes |
| 5Å obere ihe bara ụba na oxygen | 5 | 0.4–0.8 | ≥23 | Emebere ya nke ọma maka ihe na-emepụta oxygen ahụike ma ọ bụ ahụike[achọrọ ntụaka] | |
| 5Å | 5 | 0.60–0.65 | 20–21 | 0.3–0.5 | Ịsa mmiri na ime ka ikuku dị ọcha;akpịrị ịkpọ nkụnaiwepụ sọlfọnke gas sitere n'okike nammanụ gas mmiri mmiri;oxygennahaịdọnmmepụta site nantinye nrụgideusoro |
| 10X | 8 | 0.50–0.60 | Afọ 23–24 | 0.3–0.6 | Ngwakọta dị elu nke ọma, nke a na-eji eme ihe n'ịkpọcha ihe, iwepụ ihe mkpofu, iwepụ ihe mkpofu gas na mmiri mmiri na nkewa nkehydrocarbon na-esi ísì ụtọ |
| 13X | 10 | 0.55–0.65 | Afọ 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Ịsa mmiri, iwepụ ihe na-adịghị ọcha na nhicha nke gas mmanụ na gas eke |
| 13X-AS | 10 | 0.55–0.65 | Afọ 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Ịkpụcha ihena nkụcha n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nkewa ikuku, nkewa nke nitrogen na oxygen na ihe ndị na-eme ka ikuku dị n'ime |
| Cu-13X | 10 | 0.50–0.60 | Afọ 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Ịtọ ụtọ(iwepụ nkendị thiol) nkemmanụ ụgbọeluna nke kwekọrọmmiri hydrocarbons |
Ike adsorption
3Å
Usoro kemịkalụ dịka atụmatụ si dị: ((K2O)2⁄3 (Na2O)1⁄3) • Al2O3• 2 SiO2 • 9/2 H2O
Oke silica-alumina: SiO2/Al2O3≈2
Mmepụta
A na-emepụta ihe mkpuchi molekul 3A site na mgbanwe cation nkepotassiummakasodiumna 4A molekul sieves (Lee n'okpuru)
Ojiji
Mkpọchi molekul 3Å anaghị anabata molekul ndị dayameta ha karịrị 3 Å. Àgwà nke mkpọchi molekul ndị a gụnyere ọsọ nnabata ngwa ngwa, ikike imeghari ugboro ugboro, ezigbo iguzogide ngwepịa naiguzogide mmetọNjirimara ndị a nwere ike ime ka sieve ahụ dịkwuo mma ma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ma na-adịru ndụ. Sieve molekul 3Å bụ ihe ndị dị mkpa maka iwepụ ihe mkpofu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na kemịkalụ maka ịchacha mmanụ, ime ka polymer dị, na ihicha omimi nke gas-mmiri kemịkalụ.
A na-eji ihe mkpuchi molekul 3Å eme ka ọtụtụ ihe kpọọ nkụ, dịkaethanol, ikuku,ihe eji eme friji,gas sitere n'okikenahydrocarbons na-enweghị afọ ojujuNke ikpeazụ gụnyere gas na-agbawa agbawa,acetylene,ethylene,propylenenabutadiene.
A na-eji sieve molekul 3Å ewepụ mmiri na ethanol, nke enwere ike iji ozugbo dị ka mmanụ bio ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè mepụta ngwaahịa dị iche iche dịka kemịkalụ, nri, ọgwụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ebe ọ bụ na distillation nkịtị enweghị ike iwepụ mmiri niile (ihe na-adịghị mma site na mmepụta ethanol) na iyi usoro ethanol n'ihi mmepụta nkeazeotropeN'ihe dị ka pasent 95.6 nke mkpokọta site na ibu, a na-eji mkpụrụ osisi sieve molecular kewapụ ethanol na mmiri n'ọkwa molecular site n'itinye mmiri n'ime mkpụrụ osisi ahụ ma kwe ka ethanol na-agafe n'enweghị nsogbu. Ozugbo mkpụrụ osisi ahụ jupụtara na mmiri, a pụrụ ịgbanwe okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ nrụgide, na-ekwe ka mmiri ahụ si na mkpụrụ osisi sieve molecular pụta.[15]
A na-echekwa ihe mkpuchi molekul 3Å n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ụlọ, ebe iru mmiri na-erughị 90%. A na-emechi ha n'okpuru nrụgide dị ala, a na-echekwa ha ka ha ghara ịbanye na mmiri, asịd na alkalis.
4Å
Usoro kemịkalụ: Na2O•Al2O3•2SiO2•9/2H2O
Oke silikọn na aluminom: 1:1 (SiO2/Al2O3≈2)
Mmepụta
Mmepụta sieve 4Å dị mfe nghọta n'ihi na ọ chọghị nrụgide dị elu ma ọ bụ oke okpomọkụ.sodium silicatenasodium aluminateA na-ejikọta ya na okpomọkụ 80 Celsius. A na-eme ka ngwaahịa a na-agbaze agbaze "gbalite" site na "ime achịcha" na okpomọkụ 400 Celsius 4A.mgbanwe cationnkesodiummakapotassium(maka 3A) ma ọ bụcalcium(maka 5A)
Ojiji
Ihe mgbaze nkụ
A na-eji ihe nzacha molekul 4Å eme ihe nke ọma iji kpoo ihe mgbaze ụlọ nyocha. Ha nwere ike ịmịkọrọ mmiri na molekul ndị ọzọ nwere dayameta dị oke mkpa na-erughị 4 Å dịka NH3, H2S, SO2, CO2, C2H5OH, C2H6, na C2H4. A na-eji ha eme ihe nke ukwuu n'ịkpọcha, ime ka mmiri na gas dị ọcha (dịka nkwadebe nke argon).
Ihe mgbakwunye ihe eji eme polyester[dezie]
A na-eji ihe ndị a na-eme ka ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha dị n'ime ahụ rụọ ọrụ iji nyere aka n'ịsa ihe n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịmepụta mmiri e ji ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha mee ka ọ ghara ịpụta ìhè.calciumA na-eji ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe iji dochie ha, wepụ ma gbochie unyi ịbanye n'ime ha.phosphorusMkpọ molekul 4Å na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa iji dochie sodium tripolyphosphate dị ka ihe enyemaka ncha iji belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ncha ahụ. Enwere ike iji ya dị ka ihenchaonye na-emepụta ihe na naezé ezé.
Ọgwụgwọ ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ
Mkpọchi molekul 4Å nwere ike ịsacha nsị nke ụdị cationic dịkaammoniumions, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ na Cd2+. N'ihi oke nhọrọ maka NH4+, ejirila ha mee ihe nke ọma n'ọgbọ agha.mmepụta mmiri ozuzo (eutrophic)na mmetụta ndị ọzọ na mmiri n'ihi oke ion ammonium. Ejikwala 4Å molekul sieves wepụ ion ígwè dị arọ dị na mmiri n'ihi ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
Ebumnuche ndị ọzọ
Iheụlọ ọrụ ígwè: ihe na-ekewapụ ihe, nkewa, mwepụ nke potassium brine,rubidium,cesium, wdg.
Ụlọ ọrụ Petrochemical,ihe mkpali,ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, ihe na-eme ka ihe na-amịkọrọ ihe
Ọrụ Ugbo:ihe na-eme ka ala dị nro
Ọgwụ: ibu ọlaọchazeoliteihe na-egbochi nje bacteria.
5Å
Usoro kemịkalụ: 0.7CaO•0.30Na2O•Al2O3•2.0SiO2 •4.5H2O
Oke silica-alumina: SiO2/Al2O3≈2
Mmepụta
A na-emepụta ihe mkpuchi molekul 5A site na mgbanwe cation nkecalciummakasodiumna 4A molekul sieves (Lee n'elu)
Ojiji
Ise-oké ifufeA na-ejikarị ihe ndọpụ anụ ahụ (5Å) eme ihe nammanụ petrolụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ọkachasị maka ịsacha iyi gas na ụlọ nyocha kemịkalụ maka ikewapụihe mejupụtarana ihe ndị na-amalite mmeghachi omume nkụ. Ha nwere obere oghere nke nha ziri ezi na nke otu nha, a na-ejikwa ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka gas na mmiri dị n'ime ahụ.
A na-eji ihe mkpuchi molekụla ise-ångström eme ihe iji kpọọ nkụgas sitere n'okike, yana ime ihe ngosiiwepụ sọlfọnadecarbonationnke gas. A pụkwara iji ha kewaa ngwakọta nke oxygen, nitrogen na hydrogen, na mmanụ-wax n-hydrocarbons site na branched na polycyclic hydrocarbons.
A na-echekwa ihe mkpuchi molekul ise-ångström na okpomọkụ ụlọ, yanairu mmiri dị nsoihe na-erughị 90% na gbọmgbọm katọn ma ọ bụ ngwugwu katọn. Ekwesighi ikpughe ihe mkpuchi molekul ahụ ozugbo na ikuku na mmiri, a ga-ezere asịd na alkalis.
Ọdịdị nke ihe mkpuchi molekụla
A na-enweta ihe mkpuchi molekul n'ụdị na nha dị iche iche. Mana ihe mkpuchi molekul nwere uru karịa ụdị ndị ọzọ ebe ọ bụ na ha na-enye mbelata nrụgide dị ala, ha na-eguzogide nkwụsị n'ihi na ha enweghị nsọtụ dị nkọ, ha nwekwara ike dị mma, ya bụ, ike mgbapịa achọrọ maka mpaghara otu nkeji dị elu. Ụfọdụ ihe mkpuchi molekul nwere beaded na-enye obere ikike okpomọkụ, ya mere ọ na-ebelata mkpa ike n'oge mmeghari ohuru.
Uru ọzọ dị n'iji ihe mkpuchi molekul a kpụrụ akpụ bụ na njupụta buru ibu na-adịkarị elu karịa ụdị ndị ọzọ, yabụ maka otu ihe achọrọ maka ihe mkpuchi molekul a na-achọ, olu ihe achọrọ dị obere. Ya mere, mgbe ị na-eme ihe mkpuchi molekul a kpụrụ akpụ, mmadụ nwere ike iji ihe mkpuchi molekul a kpụrụ akpụ, tinye ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ karịa n'otu olu, ma zere mgbanwe ọ bụla na arịa ahụ.
Oge ozi: Julaị-18-2023
