Site na mmụba na-aga n'ihu n'ike nchacha zuru ụwa ọnụ, ụkpụrụ ngwaahịa mmanụ siri ike, na mmụba na-aga n'ihu n'ọchịchọ maka ihe ndị e ji kemịkalụ emepụta, oriri nke ihe na-akpalite nchacha anọwo na-eto eto mgbe niile. N'ime ha, mmụba kachasị ngwa ngwa bụ na akụ na ụba ọhụrụ na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe.
N'ihi ụdị ihe dị iche iche e ji emepụta ihe, ngwaahịa na usoro ngwaọrụ dị iche iche nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ọ bụla, maka iji ihe ndị ọzọ e ji emepụta ihe iji nweta ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ ihe ndị e ji emepụta kemịkalụ mee nke ọma, nhọrọ nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe nwere ike ịgbanwe agbanwe ma ọ bụ nhọrọ ka mma nwere ike idozi nsogbu ndị bụ isi nke ụlọ nrụpụta ihe dị iche iche na ngwaọrụ dị iche iche.
N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, na Eshia Pasifik, Afrịka na Middle East, ọnụọgụ oriri na ọnụego uto nke ihe mkpali niile, gụnyere nchacha, polymerization, mmepụta kemịkalụ, wdg, dị elu karịa nke mpaghara ndị mepere emepe na Europe na United States.
N'ọdịnihu, mgbasawanye nke hydrogenation mmanụ gasoline ga-abụ nke kachasị ukwuu, nke sochiri ya bụ hydrogenation etiti distillate, FCC, isomerization, hydrocracking, hydrogenation naphtha, mmanụ dị arọ (mmanụ fọdụrụ), hydrogenation alkylation (superposition), reforming, wdg, yana ọchịchọ catalyst kwekọrọ na ya ga-amụbakwa.
Agbanyeghị, n'ihi usoro ojiji dị iche iche nke ihe na-eme ka mmanụ dị ọcha na-agbaze, ọnụọgụ ihe na-eme ka mmanụ dị ọcha enweghị ike ịbawanye na mmụba nke ikike. Dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ ahịa ahịa si kwuo, ọtụtụ ahịa bụ ihe na-eme ka hydrogenation dị ike (hydrotreating na hydrocracking, nke ruru 46% nke mkpokọta), ihe na-eme ka FCC dị ike (40%), ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka mmanụ dịghachi mma (8%), ihe na-eme ka alkylation dị ike (5%) na ndị ọzọ (1%).
Lee ihe ndị bụ isi nke ihe na-akpali akpali sitere n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ama ama n'ụwa niile:
Ụlọ ọrụ iri a ma ama n'ụwa niile maka ihe na-akpali akpali
1. Grace Davison, USA
E hiwere Grace Corporation n'afọ 1854, isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dịkwa na Columbia, Maryland. Grace Davidson bụ onye ndu n'ụwa niile n'inyocha na imepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka FCC na-akpali akpali, ọ bụkwa ya bụ onye na-ebubata ihe ndị na-eme ka FCC na hydrogenation na-akpali akpali n'ụwa niile.
Ụlọ ọrụ a nwere ngalaba ọrụ azụmaahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ abụọ, Grace Davison na Grace Specialty Chemicals, na ngalaba ngwaahịa asatọ. Azụmahịa Grace Davidson gụnyere ihe ndị na-eme ka FCC na-akpali akpali, ihe ndị na-eme ka hydrotreating dị ike, ihe ndị na-eme ka polyolefin na ihe ndị na-eme ka catalyst dị ike, yana ihe ndị e ji silicon ma ọ bụ silica-aluminum mee maka mkpuchi mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na akwụkwọ obibi akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ndị ahịa, na inkjet. ART, ụlọ ọrụ nkwonkwo na-arụ ọrụ azụmaahịa ihe na-eme ka hydrotreating dị ike.
2, Albemarle American specialization chemicals (ALbemarle) Group
Na 1887, e guzobere Arbel Paper Company na Richmond, Virginia.
Na 2004, azụrụ azụmaahịa Akzo-Nobel Oil catalyst, wee banye n'ọkwa nke ndị na-emepụta mmanụ, wee guzobe ngalaba azụmaahịa catalyst na polyolefin catalyst; Bụrụ onye na-emepụta FCC catalyst nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.
Ugbu a, o nwere ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe iri abụọ na North America, Europe, Middle East, South America, Japan na China.
Arpels nwere ebe nyocha na mmepe 8 na mba ise na ụlọ ọrụ ahịa na ihe karịrị mba 40. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ kachasị emepụta ihe ndị na-egbochi ire ọkụ brominated, nke na-ekpuchi ojiji kwa ụbọchị, ngwa eletrọnịkị, ọgwụ, ngwaahịa ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala, ihe owuwu na ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa.
Isi ọrụ ya gụnyere ihe mgbakwunye polymer, ihe na-akpali akpali na kemistri dị mma nke nwere akụkụ atọ.
E nwere ụdị ihe mgbakwunye polymer anọ bụ́ isi: ihe na-egbochi ire ọkụ, ihe ndị na-egbochi antioxidants, ihe ndị na-agwọ ọrịa na ihe ndị na-eme ka ahụ sie ike;
Azụmahịa Catalyst nwere akụkụ atọ: ihe na-eme ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, ihe na-eme ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ polyolefin, ihe na-eme ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ;
Kemịkalụ Dị Mma Nhazi azụmahịa: kemịkalụ na-arụ ọrụ (agba, alumina), kemịkalụ dị mma (kemịkalụ bromine, kemịkalụ mmanụ) na ihe ndị dị n'etiti (ọgwụ, ọgwụ ahụhụ).
N'ime ngalaba azụmaahịa atọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Alpels, ego a na-enweta kwa afọ site na ihe mgbakwunye polymer bụ nke kachasị ukwuu, nke na-esochi ya bụ ihe na-akpali akpali, ego a na-enweta site na kemịkalụ dị mma adịghịkwa obere, mana n'ime afọ abụọ gara aga, ego a na-enweta kwa afọ site na azụmaahịa ihe na-akpali akpali amụbaala nke ukwuu, kemgbe afọ 2008, ọ gafere azụmaahịa ihe mgbakwunye polymer.
Azụmaahịa Catalyst bụ isi ngalaba azụmaahịa nke Arpell. Arpels bụ nke abụọ kachasị na-eweta ihe na-eme ka mmiri gwọọ (30% nke òkè ahịa ụwa) nakwa otu n'ime ndị na-ebunye ihe na-eme ka mmiri gbaa ọkụ n'ụwa atọ kachasị elu.
3. Dow Chemicals
Dow Chemical bụ ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ dị iche iche nke isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Michigan, USA, nke Herbert Henry Dow hiwere na 1897. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ebe mmepụta 214 na mba 37, yana ihe karịrị ụdị ngwaahịa 5,000, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ihe karịrị ubi iri dịka ụgbọala, ihe owuwu ụlọ, ọkụ eletrik, na ọgwụ. Na 2009, Dow nọ n'ọkwa nke 127 na Fortune Global 500 na nke 34 na Fortune National 500. N'ihe gbasara akụrụngwa niile, ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, nke abụọ naanị na DuPont Chemical nke United States; N'ihe gbasara ego kwa afọ, ọ bụkwa ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, mgbe BASF nke Germany gasịrị; Ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ 46,000 n'ụwa niile; E kewara ya na ngalaba azụmaahịa 7 site na ụdị ngwaahịa: Plastics Functional, Functional Chemicals, Agricultural Sciences, Plastics, Basic Chemicals, Hydrocarbons na Energy, Venture Capital. Azụmahịa Catalysts bụ akụkụ nke ngalaba Chemicals Functional.
Ihe ndị Dow na-akpali akpali gụnyere: NORMAX™ carbonyl synthesis catalyst; METEOR™ catalyst maka ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol; SHAC™ na SHAC™ ADT polypropylene catalyst; DOWEX™ QCAT™ bisphenol A catalyst; Ọ bụ onye na-emepụta polypropylene catalyst kachasị elu n'ụwa.
4. ExxonMobil
Exxonmobil bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ kacha ukwuu n'ụwa, nke isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Texas, USA. Ụlọ ọrụ a, nke a maara na mbụ dịka Exxon Corporation na Mobil Corporation, ka ejikọtara ma hazie ya ọzọ na Nọvemba 30, 1999. Ụlọ ọrụ a bụkwa ụlọ ọrụ nne na nna nke ExxonMobil, Mobil na Esso n'ụwa niile.
E hiwere Exxon na 1882, ọ bụkwa ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ kacha ibu na United States, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ asaa kacha ibu ma kacha ochie n'ụwa. E hiwere Mobil Corporation na 1882, ọ bụkwa ụlọ ọrụ zuru oke nke na-ejikọta ụlọ ọrụ nchọpụta na mmepe, nhazi na ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical.
Exxon na Mobil nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ dị n'elu Houston, isi ụlọ ọrụ dị n'okpuru Fairfax, na isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Irving, Texas. Exxon nwere 70% nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ebe Mobil nwere 30%. Exxonmobil, site na ndị mmekọ ya, na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na ihe dị ka mba na ókèala 200 gburugburu ụwa ma na-ewe ihe karịrị mmadụ 80,000 n'ọrụ.
Ngwaahịa Exxonmobil bụ isi gụnyere mmanụ na gas, ngwaahịa mmanụ na ngwaahịa petrochemical, bụ monomer olefins na polyolefin kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, gụnyere ethylene, propylene, polyethylene, polypropylene; Azụmahịa catalyst bụ nke ExxonMobil Chemical nwere. A na-ekewa Exxonmobil Chemical n'ime ngalaba azụmaahịa anọ: polymers, ihe nkiri polymer, ngwaahịa kemịkalụ na teknụzụ, na catalyst so na ngalaba teknụzụ.
UNIVATION, otu ọrụ jikọrọ ExxonMobil na Dow Chemical Company nke ruru mmadụ 50-50, nwere teknụzụ mmepụta polyethylene nke UNIPOL™ na ihe ndị na-akpali polyolefin nke UCAT™ na XCAT™.
5. Ụlọ ọrụ UOP Global Oil Products
E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ Global Oil Products na 1914 ma bụrụkwa ụlọ ọrụ isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Desprine, Illinois, ọ bụkwa ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. Na Nọvemba 30, 2005, UOP ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ Honeywell nwere kpamkpam dịka akụkụ nke azụmaahịa atụmatụ Honeywell's Specialty Materials.
UOP na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba asatọ: ike mmeghari ohuru na Kemịkalụ, ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị nro, ngwaahịa pụrụ iche na nke ahaziri ahazi, imezi mmanụ ala, Aromatics na ihe ndị sitere na ya, linear alkyl benzene na olefins dị elu, Light olefins na akụrụngwa, nhazi gas eke, na ọrụ.
UOP na-enye nhazi, injinia, ọrụ ndụmọdụ, ikike na ọrụ, teknụzụ usoro na mmepụta nke ihe na-akpali akpali, ihe na-esi ísì molekul, ihe na-eme ka ihe na-amịkọrọ ihe na akụrụngwa pụrụ iche maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta mmanụ ala, petrochemical na gas eke, yana ikike teknụzụ 65 dị.
UOP bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ebunye zeolite zeolite na aluminum phosphate kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, nke nwere ihe karịrị ngwaahịa zeolite 150 maka iwepụ mmiri, iwepụ ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na nkewa ngwaahịa nke gas na ihe mmiri mmiri. Ike mmepụta kwa afọ nke sieve molekul ruru tọn 70,000. N'ọhịa nke ihe ndị na-eme ka sieve molekul dị n'ime mmiri, UOP nwere 70% nke òkè ahịa ụwa.
UOP bụkwa ụlọ ọrụ kachasị emepụta alumina n'ụwa, yana ngwaahịa ndị gụnyere pseudo-alumina, beta-alumina, gamma-alumina na α-alumina, na-enye alumina na-arụ ọrụ na aluminom/silica-aluminum spiral carriers.
UOP nwere ihe karịrị patent 9,000 n'ụwa niile ma wuola ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwaọrụ 4,000 site na iji patent ya na ihe karịrị mba 80. Pasent iri isii nke mmanụ ụgbọala ụwa ka a na-eji teknụzụ UOP emepụta. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke ihe nhicha ndị na-emebi emebi n'ụwa ka a na-eji teknụzụ UOP emepụta. N'ime usoro nchacha isi 36 a na-eji ugbu a n'ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ, UOP mepụtara 31. Ugbu a, UOP na-emepụta ihe dị ka ngwaahịa catalyst na adsorbent 100 dị iche iche maka teknụzụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, nke a na-eji na ngalaba nchacha dịka mgbanwe, isomerization, hydrocracking, hydrofining na oxidative desulphurization, yana na mpaghara petrochemical gụnyere mmepụta nke aromatics (benzene, toluene na xylene), propylene, butene, ethylbenzene, styrene, isopropylbenzene na cyclohexane.
Isi ihe na-akpali akpali nke UOP gụnyere: ihe na-akpali mgbanwe nke catalytic, ihe na-akpali isomerization nke C4, ihe na-akpali isomerization nke C5 na C6, ihe na-akpali isomerization nke xylene, ihe na-akpali hydrocracking nwere ụdị hydrocracking abụọ na obere hydrocracking, ihe na-akpali hydrotreating, ihe na-akpali mmanụ, mgbake sọlfọ, mgbanwe gas ọdụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpali mmanụ.
6, ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ nhazi nke ART nke America
E hiwere Advanced Refining Technologies na 2001 dị ka njikọ aka 50-50 n'etiti Chevron Oil Products na Grace-Davidson. E hiwere ART iji jikọta ike teknụzụ nke Grace na Chevron iji mepụta ma ree ihe na-akpali hydrogenation na ụlọ ọrụ nchacha zuru ụwa ọnụ, ọ bụkwa onye na-emepụta ihe na-akpali hydrogenation kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, na-enye ihe karịrị 50% nke ihe na-akpali hydrogenation n'ụwa.
ART na-ejikọ ngwaahịa na ọrụ ya site na ngalaba ahịa na ụlọ ọrụ nke Grace Corporation na Chevron Corporation n'ụwa niile.
ART nwere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe anọ na-akpali akpali na otu ebe nyocha ihe mkpali. ART na-emepụta ihe mkpali maka hydrocracking, obere hydrocracking, isomerization dewaxing, isomerization reforming na hydrofining.
Ihe ndị bụ isi na-akpali akpali gụnyere Isocracking® maka isomerization, Isofinishing® maka isomerization, hydrocracking, obere hydrocracking, hydrofining, hydrotreating, residual hydrotreating.
7. Univation Inc.
Ụlọ ọrụ Univation, nke e hiwere n'afọ 1997 ma bụrụkwa nke isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Houston, Texas, bụ ụlọ ọrụ ExxonMobil Chemical Company na Dow Chemical Company jikọrọ aka ọnụ ahịa nkeji iri ise na ise.
Univation bụ ọkachamara n'inyefe teknụzụ na ihe ndị na-akpali akpali nke UNIPOL™, ọ bụkwa onye na-enye ikike teknụzụ kachasị elu n'ụwa na onye na-eweta ihe ndị na-akpali akpali n'ụwa niile maka ụlọ ọrụ polyethylene. Ọ bụ onye na-emepụta ma na-eweta ihe ndị na-akpali akpali nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, nke ruru 30% nke ahịa ụwa. A na-emepụta ihe ndị na-akpali akpali nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Mont Belvieu, Seadrift na Freeport na Texas.
Usoro mmepụta polyethylene nke Univation, nke a maara dị ka UNIPOL™, nwere ihe karịrị ahịrị mmepụta polyethylene 100 na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ site na iji UNIPOL™ na mba 25, nke na-eme ihe karịrị 25% nke mkpokọta ụwa.
Ihe ndị bụ isi na-akpali akpali bụ: 1) ihe na-akpali akpali nke UCAT™ chromium na ihe na-akpali akpali nke Ziegler-Natta; 2) ihe na-akpali akpali nke XCAT™ metallocene, aha azụmaahịa EXXPOL; 3) PRODIGY™ Bimodal Catalyst; 4) ihe na-akpali akpali nke UT™.
8. BASF
Isi ụlọ ọrụ BASF dị na Munich, Germany, bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nwere ihe karịrị ngwaahịa 8,000, gụnyere kemịkalụ bara uru, plastik, agba agba, mkpuchi ụgbọ ala, ihe nchekwa osisi, ọgwụ, kemịkalụ dị mma, mmanụ na gas.
Basf bụ onye na-emepụta maleic anhydride, acrylic acid, aniline, caprolactam na styrene foamed kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Polypropylene, polystyrene, hydroxyl alcohol na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọkwa nke abụọ n'ụwa; ikike mmepụta styrene, Ethylbenzene, nọ n'ọkwa nke atọ n'ụwa. Basf bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ebunye ihe mgbakwunye nri kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, gụnyere mono-vitamin, multivitamin, carotenoids, lysines, enzymes na ihe nchekwa nri.
Basf nwere ngalaba azụmaahịa isii dị iche iche: Kemịkalụ, Plastik, Ngwọta Ọrụ, Ngwaahịa Arụmọrụ, Agrochemicals na Mmanụ na Gas.
Basf bụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ n'ụwa nke na-ekpuchi azụmaahịa ihe mkpali niile, yana ihe karịrị ụdị ihe mkpali 200. Ihe ndị a gụnyere: ihe na-eme ka mmanụ na-agbaze (FCC catalyst), ihe na-eme ka ụgbọala na-agbaze, ihe na-eme ka kemịkalụ sie ike (copper chromium catalyst na ruthenium catalyst, wdg), ihe na-eme ka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi sie ike, ihe na-eme ka oxidation dehydrogenation catalyst na ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha.
Basf bụ onye nke abụọ kachasị emepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe na-akpali akpali nke FCC, yana ihe dị ka pasentị iri na abụọ nke ahịa ụwa maka ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe na-akpali akpali dị mma.
9. Ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ BP nke Britain
BP bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ mba dị iche iche kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, nke isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na London, UK; Azụmahịa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ekpuchi ihe karịrị mba na mpaghara 100, gụnyere nchọpụta na mmepụta mmanụ na gas, nchacha na ahịa, ike mmeghari ohuru mpaghara atọ; E kewara BP n'ime ngalaba azụmaahịa atọ: Nnyocha na Mmepụta Mmanụ na Gas, Nchacha na Ahịa, na azụmaahịa ndị ọzọ (ike mmeghari ohuru na mmiri). Azụmahịa ihe mkpali BP bụ akụkụ nke Ngalaba Mmezi na Ahịa.
Ngwaahịa Petrochemical gụnyere ụdị abụọ, ụdị nke mbụ bụ ngwaahịa aromatic na acetic acid, ọkachasị gụnyere PTA, PX na acetic acid; Ụdị nke abụọ bụ olefins na ihe ndị sitere na ha, ọkachasị gụnyere ethylene, propylene na ngwaahịa ndị sitere na ala. PTA nke BP (ihe bụ isi maka mmepụta nke polyester), PX (ihe bụ isi maka mmepụta nke PTA) na ikike mmepụta acetic acid bụ nke mbụ n'ụwa. BP emepụtala teknụzụ nkeonwe maka mmepụta PX dabere na ihe na-akpali isomerization nke ya na teknụzụ kristal dị irè. BP nwere teknụzụ patented kachasị elu maka mmepụta nke Cativa® acetic acid.
Azụmahịa olefin na ihe ndị ọzọ nke BP dị na China na Malaysia.
10, Sud-Chemie German Southern Chemical Company
E hiwere Southern Chemical Company na 1857, ọ bụkwa ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ pụrụ iche nke mba dị iche iche mepụtara nke nwere ihe karịrị afọ 150 nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Munich, Germany.
Ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ Nanfang nwere mkpokọta ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka iri asaa na asaa, gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ ise dị na mba Germany, ụlọ ọrụ iri asaa na abụọ si mba ọzọ, n'otu n'otu so na ngalaba abụọ nke ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe dị na mmanụ ala, nhazi nri, ngwaahịa ndị ahịa, ihe nkedo, ọgwụgwọ mmiri, nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ iji nye ngwaahịa na ngwọta dị elu nke ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe dị na ya dị na mmanụ ala, ...
Azụmahịa ihe mkpali nke Nanfang Chemical Company bụ nke ngalaba ihe mkpali. Ngalaba ahụ gụnyere Catalyst Technology, Energy na Environment.
E kewara ngalaba Catalyst Technology n'ime otu azụmaahịa anọ zuru ụwa ọnụ: ihe na-akpali mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ, ihe na-akpali mmanụ, ihe na-akpali mmeghachi omume mmanụ na ihe na-akpali polymerization.
Ihe ndị na-akpali akpali nke Nanfang Chemical gụnyere: ihe na-eme ka ihe dị ọcha dị ọcha, mmanụ eletrik, na ihe ndị ọzọ.ihe na-akpali kemịkalụ, ihe na-akpali kemịkalụ, ihe na-akpali mmanụ, ihe na-akpali polymerization olefin, ihe na-akpali ikuku, ihe na-akpali mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ.
Rịba ama: Ugbu a, Clariant azụtala Southern Chemical Company (SUD-Chemie)!
Oge ozi: Ọgọst-17-2023
